shall

[shal, shuhl]

auxiliary verb

imperative, infinitive, and participles lacking.

present-singular-1st-person

shall ,

second-person

shall ,

second-person

shalt ,

third-person

shall ,

present-plural

shall ,

past-singular-1st-person

should ,

second-person

should ,

second-person

shouldst, shouldest ,

third-person

should ,

past-plural

should .

1. plan to, intend to, or expect to.

   I shall go later.

2. will have to, is determined to, or definitely will.

   You shall do it. He shall do it.

3. (in laws, directives, etc.) must; is or are obliged to.

   The meetings of the council shall be public.

4. (used interrogatively in questions, often in invitations).

   Shall we go?

shall

/ ʃəl, ʃæl /

verb

1. used as an auxiliary to make the future tense Compare will 1

   we shall see you tomorrow

2. 1. used as an auxiliary to indicate determination on the part of the speaker, as in issuing a threat

      you shall pay for this!

   2. used as an auxiliary to indicate compulsion, now esp in official documents

      the Tenant shall return the keys to the Landlord

   3. used as an auxiliary to indicate certainty or inevitability

      our day shall come

3. (with any noun or pronoun as subject, esp in conditional clauses or clauses expressing doubt) used as an auxiliary to indicate nonspecific futurity

   I don't think I shall ever see her again

   he doubts whether he shall be in tomorrow

Usage

The usual rule given for the use of shall and will is that where the meaning is one of simple futurity, shall is used for the first person of the verb and will for the second and third: I shall go tomorrow; they will be there now. Where the meaning involves command, obligation, or determination, the positions are reversed: it shall be done; I will definitely go. However, shall has come to be largely neglected in favour of will, which has become the commonest form of the future in all three persons

Confusables Note

The traditional rule of usage guides dates from the 17th century and says that to denote future time shall is used in the first person ( I shall leave. We shall go ) and will in all other persons ( You will be there, won't you? He will drive us to the airport. They will not be at the meeting ). The rule continues that to express determination, will is used in the first person ( We will win the battle ) and shall in the other two persons ( You shall not bully us. They shall not pass ). Whether this rule was ever widely observed is doubtful. Today, will is used overwhelmingly in all three persons and in all types of speech and writing both for the simple future and to express determination. Shall has some use in all persons, chiefly in formal writing or speaking, to express determination: I shall return. We shall overcome. Shall also occurs in the language of laws and directives: All visitors shall observe posted regulations. Most educated native users of American English do not follow the textbook rule in making a choice between shall and will. See also should.

Word History and Origins

Origin of shall¹

First recorded before 900; Middle English shal, Old English sceal; cognate with Old Saxon skal, Old High German scal, Old Norse skal; compare German soll, Dutch zal

Word History and Origins

Origin of shall¹

Old English sceal; related to Old Norse skal, Old High German scal, Dutch zal

Example Sentences

“I slander no one, but shall speak the truth.”

From Los Angeles Times

"Perhaps even more than a daughter mourning the passing of her mother, I mourn her as a writer who has lost her most enthralling subject. In these pages, my mother, my gangster, shall live," Roy writes at the book's opening.

From BBC

“And so through the night went his cry of alarm / To every Middlesex village and farm,” Henry Wadsworth Longfellow famously wrote, declaring Revere’s warning “a word that shall echo forevermore!”

From Salon

The Posse Comitatus Act reads, “Whoever, except in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, willfully uses any part of the Army or the Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to execute the laws shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both.”

From Salon

However, Article II - which lays out the president's powers - says that "the president shall be Commander in Chief of the Army" and some constitutional experts have suggested that this grants the president the power to authorise strikes against military targets.

From BBC